Explanation of the various KPE buttons and parameters ----------------------------------------------------- Parameter buttons: - resonators F1-F6: formant frequencies A1-A6: formant amplitudes B1-B6: formant bandwidths B1P-B6P: formant bandwidths of the parallel branch FNZ: nasal zero frequency BNZ: nasal zero bandwidth FNP: nasal pole frequency BNP: nasal pole bandwidth ANP: nasal pole amplitude - voice source parameters KO: glottal open quotient AT: breathiness TL: spectral tilt SK: skewness (speed quotient) of voiced excitation signal FX: fundamental frequency - excitation amplitude parameters AV: amplitude of voicing (modulated glottal airflow, AC component) ASP: amplitude of aspiration AF: amplitude of frication AFP: amplitude of bypass path (parallel branch) AVP: amplitude of voicing (parallel branch) GA: overall signal gain - global settings DU: duration of (selected) waveform UI: update interval for parameter reset SR: sampling frequency NF: number of formants SS: voice source; 1 = impulse, 2 = natural, 3 = sampled CP: 1 = cascade + parallel branches, 2 = parallel only These don't need any further explanations, do they? - New, Exit, Redraw, Zoom/Unzoom, Upsize/Downsize/Original size - Load (parameters or waveforms) - Save (parameters) - Spectrum / Smmothed spectrum - Calc FX: calculate fundamental frequency General behavior: - waveform and spectrum colors: blue = original, red = synthesized - one click on a parameter button displays the parameter and its value - second click makes the parameter available for modification, explanation of selected parameter is displayed - third click removes the parameter from the display - Hide All: hide all parameters - Recall: undo last modification(s) - use the arrows to change parameter values globally - grab the displayed parameter with the mouse and redraw the trajectory to change parameters locally or dynamically - Synthesise: synthesize new waveform Waveform and spectrum: - middle mouse button plays waveform - bracket a section of the waveform by clicking the left mouse button to set the left border and the right button to set the right border - to obtain a smoother spectrum, select approx. 3 fundamental periods of the waveform